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 Sweden |
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I. National statistics
Basics
Area (km²): 411.000 Population (Mio.): 9 Population density: 22 inh/km² National government, economy and structure of energy sources Governing parties: Socialdemocratic party GNP (Gross National Product per capita): 28.300 EUR (2002) Unemployment rate (%): 4.2 (2002) Fossil fuels (%): 5 Nuclear energy (%): 38 Renewable energy (%): 57 II. National status of wind energy
Accumulated number of turbines and installed capacity:
1992: 87 (16) 1993: 129 (27) 1994: 157 (38) 1995: 222 (68) 1996: 304 (92) 1997: 342 (130) 1998: 428 (178) 1999: 486 (220) 2000: 527 (241) 2001: 570 (295) 2002: 620 (345) 2003: 682 (404) 2004: 723 (452) Description of the present status and future national energy policy in relation to wind energy (i.e. political objectives/ subsidy and investment policy/ economic effects/ technical or other limits/ public acceptance/ weak points) The swedish parliament has introduced a planning target for windpower; in 2015 windpower should be able to produce 15 TWh a year. Most of this will be produced by offshore windfarms. This corresponds to an instdallation of aproximately 5000 MW. Windpower is supported by so called green certificates on top of the ordinary power price. However, it is very hard and time consuming to get planning permission for windpower installations. Public acceptance is high, but the acceptance from official authorities is low. Characteristic of the most significant national wind park project: Most installations consist of single or small groups of turbines on land, privately owned by windpower cooperatives, farmers and companies. Large utilites like state owned Vattenfall and private Sydkraft also own and run quite a few wind power plants. Offshore activities and projects: There are four offshore windfarms on line in Sweden, a single turbine from 1992 in Nogersund, five 500 kW turbines at Bockstigen, Gotland, Utgrunden and Yttre Stengrund in Kalmarsund (10 MW each). Several large offshore windfarms have been granted permission and will likely be installed in 2006; Lillegrund in Öresund between Malmö and Copenhagen, Utgrunden II in Kalmarsund and Klasården outside Gotland. Share of manufacturers (%): Vestas (2004): 74 Enercon (2004): 26 III. Legal issues and national planning status related to wind energy
Relevant legal issues
In Sweden the municipalities have to make a comprehensive overview plan for use of land and water, and the muncipality also grants the building permissions. Windpower installations >1 MW also need an environment permission from the (state) regional authority and >10 MW permission by the Environment Court and the Government. Most projects have to pass two parallell planning procedures. Description of the national wind energy planning status (i.e. national/ regional/ municipal planning conceptions/ weak points) On the national level there is a planning goal for 10 TWh/a from windpower by 2015. This target has been divided into one part for on shore and coastal waters 4 TWh and another part for offshore outside territorial waters but within the economic zone, 6 TWh. The planning goal has also been divided between regions (län in swedish), according to available areas with good wind resources (90%) and power consumption (10%). Some areas have also been designated as areas of national interest for windpower. The Swedish building authority - Boverket - responsible for physical planning on the state level, has made a report to the government about the preconditions for large scale windpower development in Sweden. Instead of pointing out areas on and off shore suitable for windpower development, Boverket has defined areas where windpower should not be built, and managed to put red stop areas in most sites where windpower could be developed. On the municipal level, the interest for windpower development differs, some are in favour and others are against. A building permission from the municipality is always necessary. So local politics has a great influence. Some communities have made comprehensive overview plans for windpower. However, the regional authority (länsstyrelsen) and/or the environment court and the government, can stop windpower projects, and do so frequently, referring to visual impact or other reasons. Development of windpower in Sweden is still quite slow, and has been on a level of 40-50 MW a year, mainly single or small groups of turbines. The windpower business in Sweden have been waiting for a take-off since the 1990-ies and are still waiting. |
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